茂名小良桉树人工林生态经济效益分析与评价

利用模糊数学的方法,通过对小良的实地调杳和专家走访,挑选了30个对小良桉林生态经济影响较大的因子.建立了评价因子指标体系和五个评价等级,采用二个层次的综合评价模型对小良桉林生态经济效益首次进行了定量的综合评价.评价结果是:现在小良桉林生态经济效益为一般.总体态势是:16%为好,26%为较好,31%为一般.23%为较差,4%为差.综合评价得分为79.85分,介于一般和良好之间,这说明在小良桉树人工林的发展过程中存在许多显性的、潜在的问题,如果还不注意合理利用林地资源,就会使森林资源变为不可更新资源,不可持续利用.因此,科学客观地分析与评价小良桉林产业生态经济效益,为区域可持续发展提供科学依据和发展良策,实现生态和经济的综合调控具有现实意义.     

环保设施现状评价模式的研究

对环保设施运行现状定量评价模式进行探讨。模式从环保设施的整体、细节、管理和环境影响4个方面分析,采用调查、公式计算、插值、专家评分等方式,对环保设施运行的现状进行评分,建立了一个以计权方式定量评分来评价废气、废水处理设施现状的评价模式。     

长江河口表层沉积物中PAHs的生态风险评价

2005年11月26—29日对长江河口部分表层沉积物中多环芳烃类化合物(PAHs)的污染现状进行了调查和研究,分析了其中16种PAHs单体含量. 结果表明,长江河口表层沉积物中属于美国优先控制的16种PAHs共检出15种,仅萘未被检出,w(PAHs)为355.72～2 480.85 ng/g,平均值为1 040.29 ng/g. 表层沉积物中以4环和5～6环PAHs为主,二者之和占w(PAHs)的80%以上. 长江河口表层沉积物中PAHs污染主要来源于矿物燃料的高温燃烧,但部分区域也不排除石油源输入的可能性. 与沉积物风险评估值相比,严重的生态风险在长江河口表层沉积物中不存在,然而排污口附近沉积物存在一定的生态风险.      

Decadal changes in a NW Mediterranean Sea food web in relation to fishing exploitation

We analysed changes in the ecological roles of species, trophic structure and ecosystem functioning using four standardized mass-balance models of the South Catalan Sea (North-western Mediterranean). Models represented the ecosystem during the late 1970s, mid 1990s, early 2000s, and a simulated no-fishing scenario. The underlying hypothesis was that ecosystem models should quantitatively capture the increasing exploitation in the ecosystem from the 1970s to 2000s, as well as differences between the exploited and non-exploited scenarios. Biomass showed a general decrease, while there was an increase in biomass at lower trophic levels (TL) from the 1970s to 2000s. The efficiency of energy transfer (TE) from lower to higher TLs significantly increased with time. The ecosystem during the 1990s showed higher biomass and flows than during the 1970s and 2000s due to an increase in small pelagic fish biomass (especially sardines). Exploited food webs also showed similarities in terms of general structure and functioning due to high intensity of fishing already in the 1970s. This intensity was highlighted with low trophic levels in the catch, high consumption of production by fisheries, medium to high primary production required to sustain the catches and high losses in secondary production due to fishing. Significant differences on ecosystem structure and functioning were highlighted between the exploited and no-fishing scenarios. Biomass of higher TLs increased under the no-fishing scenario and the mean trophic level of the community and the fish/invertebrate biomass ratios were substantially lower in exploited food webs. The efficiency of energy transfer (TE) from lower to higher TLs was lower under the no-fishing scenario, and it showed a continuous decrease with increasing TL. Marine mammals, large hake, anglerfish and large pelagic fish were identified as keystone species of the ecosystem when there was no fishing, while their ecological importance notably decreased under the exploited periods. On the contrary, the importance of small-sized organisms such as benthic invertebrates and small pelagic fish was higher in exploited food webs.     

农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力的评价

从土壤对养分消纳能力和作物养分需求角度出发,利用空间分析和地统计学方法,以北京市大兴区为例,进行了以地块为单元的农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力评价.结果表明,大兴区农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力整体一般,81.65%的农用地处于中下水平.除了因为大兴区的土壤保肥吸收能力整体不强外,还与大兴区的种植结构与种植面积有关,特别是高肥力的耕地与设施农业用地占地比例较小.     

福州国家森林公园游客游览状况与其心理健康的关系

以福州国家森林公园为例,调查了公园游客在游览中的偏好和习惯,并结合其心境状况指标(POMS),分析了不同游览偏好与心境状况的关系。结果表明:超过60%的游客喜欢在春季游览森林公园;至少每月游览1～2次对身心健康有益,且每次游览的时间至少在2h以上为最佳;居住地距离福州国家森林公园0.5km以内的游客,心理健康状况显著优于距离0.5km以上的游客;愿意游览森林公园的游客其心理健康状况显著优于不愿意或无所谓的游客。最后,根据调查结果,对游客使用森林公园的方式以及公园管理等方面提出了建议。     

建筑小区内致病微生物暴露风险评价

利用数值模拟确定致病微生物浓度的时空分布,建立了基于瞬时浓度判据和积累浓度判据的污染物暴露评价模型,得到了建筑群内瞬时风险区域和人们在污染区域的最大停留时间。结果显示:瞬时风险区域面积基本与微生物生长曲线一致,即在2000s时达到最大,然后逐渐减小,至6000s后基本不变;最大停留时间与微生物的增长率有关,增长率大,最大停留时间变小。     

西安市生态文明建设度评价

根据生态文明的内涵和本质特征,提出了一个3层、6个维度(经济潜力、生态环境、民生改善、基础设施、生态文化及廉洁高效)和33个单项评价指标的生态文明建设度评价指标体系。通过对2004-2008年西安市及其区县生态建设度的评价研究,表明西安市生态、环境和社会经济条件都有一定程度的改善,生态文明建设度有所发展,但整体上发展过于缓慢,各部分发展不均衡。     

Integrating multi-criteria evaluation techniques with geographic information systems for landfill site selection: a case study using ordered weighted average

This paper presents a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis approach for evaluating the suitability for landfill site selection in the Polog Region, Macedonia. The multi-criteria decision framework considers environmental and economic factors which are standardized by fuzzy membership functions and combined by integration of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and ordered weighted average (OWA) techniques. The AHP is used for the elicitation of attribute weights while the OWA operator function is used to generate a wide range of decision alternatives for addressing uncertainty associated with interaction between multiple criteria. The usefulness of the approach is illustrated by different OWA scenarios that report landfill suitability on a scale between 0 and 1. The OWA scenarios are intended to quantify the level of risk taking (i.e., optimistic, pessimistic, and neutral) and to facilitate a better understanding of patterns that emerge from decision alternatives involved in the decision making process.     

模拟评价方法及其在安全与环境评价中的应用

对现有评价方法进行了简要的分类并重点分析了常用评价方法的优缺点。提出了模拟评价方法的概念 ,介绍了模拟评价方法的思想、评价步骤、技术关键及作为一种新的评价方法的优缺点 ,指出了模拟评价方法今后的发展方向。针对某工厂新建项目 ,利用模拟评价方法进行了有毒气体单元泄漏后果评价 ,评价结果与环境预评价结果吻合程度较好 ,表明模拟评价方法作为一种新的评价方法不但具有形象、直观、易于理解等优点 ,而且其评价结果准确度较高 ,可靠性良好 ,是现有评价方法的必要及有益的补充